Design of open pit mining

Many factors govern the size and shape of an open pit.

These must be properly understood and used in the planning of any open pit operation.

The following are the key items affecting the pit design:

1) Topography,

2) Geology,

3) Grade,

4) Localization of the mineralization,

5) Extent of the deposit,

6) Property boundaries,

7) Production rates,

8) Road grades,

9) Mining costs,

10) Processing costs,

11) Metal recovery,

12) Marketing considerations,

13) Bench height,

14) Pit slopes,

15) Cutoff grade,

16) Strip Ratios (SR)

source: Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz

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Rock Fragmentation - Blasting

Description

ROCK FRAGMENTATION

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this chapter, participants will be able to achieve: - Fragmentation principles - Factors controlling fragment size

CONTENT

- Fragmentation Principles
- Factors Affecting Fragment Size
- How to Quantify the Fragmentation
- Calculation  of Fragmentation
- Demands on Fragmentation
- Evaluation of Fragmentation

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Periodical :: Horizonte Minero N°135 :: In PDF

2020 Nuevos horizontes para la mineria 

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Surface blasting report in PDF

Blasting is defined as a chemical/physical/mechanical process including the initiation of explosives for the purposes of breaking materials, moving material, splitting off rock blocks for building, demolishing buildings and construction, and or generating seismic waves. Explosives are often located in drill holes in the rock; however, they may be located on the surface of the rock mass. Surface charges often require a specific charge up to 10 times in excess, usually only 3 times is necessary for correct placing of an appropriate lay-on charge.
Surface blasting is all blasting done on the surface, mostly in the mining and construction divisions, both urban and commercial.

  Stosh O. & Others

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Blasting and Explosives- technical guides

Explosives users in the mining, quarry, construction, pipeline and geophysical exploration
industries know that Dyno Nobel, a global leader in commercial explosives, delivers Groundbreaking
Performance through Practical Innovation by focusing on Safety and Continuous
Improvement.
Our founder, Alfred Nobel, changed the world with his invention of dynamite and the detonator
in the 1860s and changed it again when he founded the world famous Nobel Prizes. Dyno
Nobel’s roots also include William Bickford’s invention of Safety Fuse in 1831. Our corporate
history is built on this legacy of safety and innovation.
With Zero Harm as our goal - for our employees, our customers and the environment - our
safety standards are among the highest in the industry. Because we are all responsible for
working safely, we rigorously apply internationally recognized safety standards at all our locations
and in everything we do, from storage and transport to handling and use.
Together with our owners, Incitec Pivot Limited, we are a global force in nitrogen-based
chemical manufacturing, holding foremost positions in the commercial explosives and fertilizer
markets. Incitec Pivot’s explosives business will continue to be identified by the well known
Dyno Nobel brand as we take care of our customers in the industries we serve.

  Dyno Nobel

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CHOICE of a LOADING - TRANSPORT SYSTEM ( Load and haul )

   After preliminary studies it is also necessary to combine the different loading and transport techniques in order to obtain the system which presents the best compromise " price - operating constraints" and in particular the environmental constraints. This choice is defined on the basis of the following parameters:  

• Nature and hardness of the materials to be extracted 
• Production to be ensured
• Transport distance 
• Need to crush the materials before their recovery for further processing 
• Opportunity to create stocks (marketable materials, ores , topsoil) or fill (waste)  

Although there are many combinations that can optimize the rolling load function we will describe as an example, the most common and especially those that use the most frequently encountered materials:
a) Hard materials slaughtered at l explosive


Distances less than 200 m. - Low or medium flow

The loading machine, also carries the transport. In this configuration a suitably calculated wheel loader provides these two functions.
This solution is widely used in quarry aggregates when it is equipped with a mobile crusher or it is to build stocks of aggregates all coming.
The wheel loader has the advantage of its mobility and its fast speed of travel which can reach 25 km/ h under load. It can virtually adapt to all driving conditions.

The economically profitable use of a loader used in loading - transport is below 150 to 200 m. depending on the driving conditions.
When the materials of the track are sharp tire wear is important and the profitability of such transport decreases rapidly. It is the same if the track is in bad condition because number of rotations / hour decreases. To improve track stability in poor condition most modern machines are equipped with an anti-pitching system. However, it is worth remembering that obtaining a good cost price is inseparable from the good maintenance of the slopes.  

Distances greater than 200 m. but less than 2000 m.

 This diagram represents the most common configuration for medium to large flows. On a rough terrain with slopes not exceeding 8 to 10%, rigid dump trucks will be chosen which are more economical to buy and less expensive to maintain than articulated haulers. These funds will be reserved for TP construction sites in muddy or hilly terrain or the exploitation of gravel pits in unstable terrain with low traction

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Pillar Design

The Safety Factor (SF) is the pillar strength divided by the pillar load.
Safety Factor = Pillar Strength / Pillar Load

SF=Sp/δp                   

Pillar Strength – is a function of both a size effect and a shape effect.
1. Size Effect
2. Shape Effect
Size Effect – The average strength decreases as specimen size increases. ....

Mine planning and design (Yangon Technological University)

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